{"id":366,"date":"2012-10-26T12:07:29","date_gmt":"2012-10-26T16:07:29","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/worthy.cos.ucf.edu\/wordpress\/?page_id=366"},"modified":"2012-10-26T12:07:29","modified_gmt":"2012-10-26T16:07:29","slug":"lactation-and-milk-composition","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sciences.ucf.edu\/biology\/PEBL\/current-research\/manatee-studies\/lactation-and-milk-composition\/","title":{"rendered":"Lactation and Milk Composition"},"content":{"rendered":"

Very little is known about manatee reproductive physiology, in particular the energetic needs of calves and maternal energy transfer.\u00a0 These \"\"<\/span><\/a>are parameters that cannot be easily measured in free-ranging animals and we are therefore forced to examine animals in captivity and extrapolate that information to free-ranging animals.\u00a0 One technique that has been applied successfully to the measurement of milk transfer and calf energetics is the use of doubly labeled water (DLW). <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/span><\/a>This study was the first attempt to quantify the energetics of the suckling period for the West Indian manatee and took place at The Living Seas of Epcot Center.\u00a0 Over the years, data has accumulated on growth rates of orphaned calves and some captive born animals, yet we had no understanding of transfer of energy and how calves utilized it.\u00a0 Growth rate of the calf in the present study was almost double that previously published and all of the parameters measured in the present study were unquestionably influenced by this incredible rate of mass gain.\u00a0 This calf was an example of an animal that was raised under near-ideal conditions, with low foraging costs, no thermoregulatory demands, and a high availability of food.\u00a0 This preliminary study has expanded our knowledge of this critical period in the life of a manatee and will both improve our capabilities in the captive care of this species and our understanding of their natural history and biology.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Suckling duration (114 to 156 sec) and frequency (every 49-62 min) remained relatively constant throughout the \"\"<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span>~560 day lactation period.\u00a0 Milk consumption rose from 4.0 l d-1 (at age 55 d) to a maximum of 12.2 l d-1 (at age 245 d), before declining to 2.4 l d-1 (at age 550 d).\u00a0 Concurrent with this decline in milk intake was an increased intake of romaine lettuce.\u00a0 By 550 days, the calf was consuming 18 kg d-1 of lettuce.\u00a0 These data represent the first attempt to understand and quantify the energetics of the suckling period for this species.\u00a0 It appears that the combination of low metabolism with a relatively high energy intake (high fat milk and large volume) resulted in the deposition of large amounts of lipid and a sustained high rate of growth (~0.7 kg d-1) through the relatively long nursing period of this species.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Very little is known about manatee reproductive physiology, in particular the energetic needs of calves and maternal energy transfer.\u00a0 These are parameters that cannot be easily measured in free-ranging animals and we are therefore forced to examine animals in captivity … Continue reading →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":29,"featured_media":0,"parent":311,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-366","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nLactation and Milk Composition - Physiological Ecology and Bioenergetics Lab<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/sciences.ucf.edu\/biology\/PEBL\/current-research\/manatee-studies\/lactation-and-milk-composition\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Lactation and Milk Composition - Physiological Ecology and Bioenergetics Lab\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Very little is known about manatee reproductive physiology, in particular the energetic needs of calves and maternal energy transfer.\u00a0 These are parameters that cannot be easily measured in free-ranging animals and we are therefore forced to examine animals in captivity … Continue reading →\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/sciences.ucf.edu\/biology\/PEBL\/current-research\/manatee-studies\/lactation-and-milk-composition\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Physiological Ecology and Bioenergetics Lab\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/sciences.ucf.edu\/biology\/PEBL\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2012\/10\/manate-cow-and-calf-150x150.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/sciences.ucf.edu\\\/biology\\\/PEBL\\\/current-research\\\/manatee-studies\\\/lactation-and-milk-composition\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/sciences.ucf.edu\\\/biology\\\/PEBL\\\/current-research\\\/manatee-studies\\\/lactation-and-milk-composition\\\/\",\"name\":\"Lactation and Milk Composition - Physiological Ecology and Bioenergetics Lab\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/sciences.ucf.edu\\\/biology\\\/PEBL\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/sciences.ucf.edu\\\/biology\\\/PEBL\\\/current-research\\\/manatee-studies\\\/lactation-and-milk-composition\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/sciences.ucf.edu\\\/biology\\\/PEBL\\\/current-research\\\/manatee-studies\\\/lactation-and-milk-composition\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/sciences.ucf.edu\\\/biology\\\/PEBL\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/18\\\/2012\\\/10\\\/manate-cow-and-calf-150x150.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2012-10-26T16:07:29+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/sciences.ucf.edu\\\/biology\\\/PEBL\\\/current-research\\\/manatee-studies\\\/lactation-and-milk-composition\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sciences.ucf.edu\\\/biology\\\/PEBL\\\/current-research\\\/manatee-studies\\\/lactation-and-milk-composition\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/sciences.ucf.edu\\\/biology\\\/PEBL\\\/current-research\\\/manatee-studies\\\/lactation-and-milk-composition\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/sciences.ucf.edu\\\/biology\\\/PEBL\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/18\\\/2012\\\/10\\\/manate-cow-and-calf.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/sciences.ucf.edu\\\/biology\\\/PEBL\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/18\\\/2012\\\/10\\\/manate-cow-and-calf.jpg\",\"width\":366,\"height\":250,\"caption\":\"Two manatees swimming underwater; 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