{"id":28237,"date":"2021-06-08T10:47:07","date_gmt":"2021-06-08T14:47:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sciences.ucf.edu\/news\/?p=28237"},"modified":"2025-07-23T12:41:29","modified_gmt":"2025-07-23T16:41:29","slug":"study-sheds-light-on-pre-columbian-life-in-understudied-area-of-sw-amazon","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ucf.edu\/news\/study-sheds-light-on-pre-columbian-life-in-understudied-area-of-sw-amazon\/","title":{"rendered":"Study Sheds Light on Pre-Columbian Life in Understudied Area of SW Amazon"},"content":{"rendered":"

A new study co-authored by University of Central Florida researchers shows that pre-Columbian people of a culturally diverse but not well-documented area of the Amazon in South America significantly altered their landscape thousands of years earlier than previously thought.<\/p>\n

The findings, published Monday in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences<\/em><\/a>, show evidence of people using fire and improving their landscape for farming and fishing more than 3,500 years ago. This counters the often-held notion of a pristine Amazon during pre-Columbian times before the arrival of Europeans in the late 1400s.<\/p>\n

The study, which was conducted with experts from the UK\u2019s Northumbria University, also provides mores clues to the past of the diverse, but not well-documented, cultures that live in the area known as the Llanos de Mojos in northeastern Bolivia.<\/p>\n

\"John
Study co-author John Walker is an associate professor in UCF\u2019s Department of Anthropology.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u201cThis region has one the highest diversity of languages in the world, which reflects distinct ways of life and cultural heritage,\u201d says study co-author John Walker, an associate professor in UCF\u2019s Department of Anthropology<\/a>. \u201cWe know something about the last 3,000 to 4,000 years of, say Europe or the Mediterranean, but we don\u2019t have some of that same information for the people here. That makes this an incredible story waiting to be written.\u201d<\/p>\n

Part of the way researchers hope to write these stories is to uncover the economic practices of the distant past.<\/p>\n

The flat, wetland landscape of the Llanos de Mojos is used for cattle ranching today, but archaeologists have noted for years the evidence from remnants of pre-Columbian raised fields and fish weirs for aquaculture. These remnants indicated the land was once used instead for farming and fishing. The archaeologists just didn\u2019t know when or how far back in time these activities started \u2014 until now.<\/p>\n

Previous research pointed to a date of about 300 C.E., or about 1,700 years ago. However, the new study combined expertise from multiple disciplines, such as anthropology, paleoethnobotany and paleoecology, to indicate that intensive land management started much earlier, at about 1,500 B.C.E, or about 3,500 years ago.<\/p>\n

\u201cThis finding is important because it provides evidence that the Amazon is not a pristine wilderness but has been shaped and designed by indigenous people thousands of years before the Spanish arrived,\u201d Walker says.<\/p>\n

This is new information for both the history of the cultures of the Amazon, which have not been studied as much as other cases, like the Mayas or Incas, and for the area, which is often thought of as an untouched world before the arrival of the Spanish.<\/p>\n

\"Neil
Neil Duncan is the study\u2019s lead author and a paleoethnobotanist in UCF\u2019s Department of Anthropology.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Neil Duncan, the study\u2019s lead author and a paleoethnobotanist in UCF\u2019s Department of Anthropology, specializes in studying archaeological and paleoenvironmental plant remains to learn how humans and plants interacted in the past.<\/p>\n

With help from the research team, Duncan extracted two, five-foot long cores of earth from two locations about 13 miles apart in the Llanos de Mojos.<\/p>\n

By examining these cores, Duncan found corn and squash phytoliths dating as early as 1380 B.C.E and 650 B.C.E, or about 3,000 years ago. Phytoliths are microscopic silica particles from plant tissue, and the findings suggest these were crops grown in the numerous raised fields that dot the area.<\/p>\n

Colleagues from Northumbria University in the United Kingdom examined the cores for charcoal, pollen and diatoms, which are single-celled alga indicative of aquatic environments.<\/p>\n

Both cores showed similar trends of initial dry conditions in the oldest layers of earth, followed by increased wet conditions and increased use of wood burning, as evidenced by the presence of high diatom concentrations and charcoal concentrations, respectively. The researchers say wood burning could be for cooking, pottery, warmth and more.<\/p>\n

\u201cThis is the first time that we\u2019ve been able to show in the past how people managed their land and water resources in a coupled system,\u201d says Bronwen Whitney, an associate professor of geography and environmental sciences who led the research by the Northumbria University team. Whitney is an expert in historic environmental changes, particularly in South and Central America.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe intensification of plant, fire and water management occurred at the same time, which emphasizes how farming or fishing were equally important to the people of the region,\u201d Whitney says.<\/p>\n

Also of note is that the shifts in the two cores to more intensive land management happened at different periods, the researchers say.<\/p>\n

\"Researchers
The researchers extracted two, five-foot long cores of earth from two locations about 13 miles apart in the Llanos de Mojos.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

One core, known as the Mercedes core, showed the shift to wetter conditions and increased fire use starting at 1,500 B.C.E, or about 3,500 years ago. The other, extracted from a location about 13 miles farther south and known as the Quinato-Miraflores core, showed the shift occurring at about 70 B.C.E., or about 2,100 years ago.<\/p>\n

Since broadscale climate changes would have affected both areas at the same time, the time difference between the two cores suggests humans were purposefully engineering the land, including draining water in some areas, retaining it in others, and using trees for fuel.<\/p>\n

\u201cSo, what\u2019s happening in the landscape is that that it\u2019s becoming wetter, and we think that some of those trees are being flooded out and so they\u2019re not as well represented,\u201d Duncan says. \u201cAnd if things are getting wetter then we shouldn\u2019t see more charcoal. So, the interpretation is that we would only see these high amounts of charcoal if it\u2019s humans doing some very intentional and intensive burning.\u201d<\/p>\n

The researchers say the next steps are to investigate the function, history, and role of the area\u2019s fish weirs and to apply new techniques to date earthworks directly and reconstruct a more detailed agricultural history for the region.<\/p>\n

As part of this study, the researchers commissioned an illustration by artist Kathryn Killackey. The illustration is a representation of the pre-Columbian landscape around 3,500 years ago, based on their reconstruction, and details what they believe the region would have looked like at the time.<\/p>\n

The research was funded by a U.S.-U.K. collaborative funding partnership with the National Science Foundation and the Arts and Humanities Research Council.<\/p>\n

Study co-authors were Nicholas J.D. Loughlin and Emma P. Hocking with the Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences at Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, England.<\/p>\n

The researchers also worked closely with the Bolivia Ministry of Cultures, Unidad Nacional de Arqueologia y Museos, Museo Regional Arqueologico \u201cYacuma,\u201d and researchers and students from the Universidad Mayor de San Andres in La Paz.<\/p>\n

Duncan received his doctorate in anthropology from the University of Missouri and joined UCF\u2019s Department of Anthropology, part of UCF\u2019s College of Sciences<\/a>, in 2015. Walker received his doctorate in anthropology from the University of Pennsylvania and joined UCF\u2019s Department of Anthropology in 2006.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A new study co-authored by University of Central Florida researchers shows that pre-Columbian people of a culturally diverse but not well-documented area of the Amazon in South America significantly altered their landscape thousands of years earlier than previously thought. The findings, published Monday in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, show evidence […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":135,"featured_media":28238,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[32,38,39,13,28,29,6514],"tags":[1830,2449,3473],"class_list":["post-28237","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-anthropology","category-breaking-news","category-faculty-news","category-news","category-top-news","category-ucf-news","category-ucf-today","tag-john-walker","tag-neil-duncan","tag-ucf-anthropology"],"yoast_head":"\nStudy Sheds Light on Pre-Columbian Life in Understudied Area of SW Amazon - College of Sciences News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ucf.edu\/news\/study-sheds-light-on-pre-columbian-life-in-understudied-area-of-sw-amazon\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Study Sheds Light on Pre-Columbian Life in Understudied Area of SW Amazon - College of Sciences News\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A new study co-authored by University of Central Florida researchers shows that pre-Columbian people of a culturally diverse but not well-documented area of the Amazon in South America significantly altered their landscape thousands of years earlier than previously thought. 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