{"id":35066,"date":"2026-02-02T12:34:36","date_gmt":"2026-02-02T17:34:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sciences.ucf.edu\/news\/?p=35066"},"modified":"2026-02-02T12:34:47","modified_gmt":"2026-02-02T17:34:47","slug":"how-ucf-research-is-changing-the-way-scientists-track-animals","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sciences.ucf.edu\/news\/how-ucf-research-is-changing-the-way-scientists-track-animals\/","title":{"rendered":"How UCF Research Is Changing the Way Scientists Track Animals\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

An assistant professor in the Department of Biology\u00a0is\u00a0reshaping how scientists understand\u00a0animal\u00a0movement, habitat use, and conservation needs\u00a0through\u00a0mathematically rigorous models.\u00a0<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Written by: Emily Dougherty | Published:\u00a0February 2,\u00a02026\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"A
Assistant Professor\u00a0Christen\u00a0Fleming, addressing attendees at the\u00a0UCF Workshop on Mathematical Biology and Differential Equations.\u00a0<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Wildlife researchers today collect unprecedented amounts of animal movement data. From\u00a0passerine\u00a0birds outfitted with lightweight GPS backpacks to\u00a0elephants\u00a0collared with\u00a0GPS devices as heavy as\u00a0car batteries, location data have become central to conservation biology, ecology, and wildlife management.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the\u202fUCF Workshop on Mathematical Biology and Differential Equations, held Jan. 15\u201316,\u00a0Christen\u00a0Fleming,\u00a0an assistant professor in the\u00a0Department of Biology, discussed work at the\u00a0crossroads\u00a0of biology, mathematics and statistics aimed at making sense of these massive datasets. His research focuses on developing continuous-time stochastic\u00a0process\u00a0models that more accurately describe how animals move and how scientists should interpret that movement.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThere\u2019s a lot of data on how animals move around and where they go,\u201d Fleming\u00a0says. \u201cWith\u00a0this\u00a0data, researchers want to answer questions about habitat use, population dynamics, connectivity, and even things\u00a0such as\u00a0vehicle collisions.\u201d\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Fleming’s lab, doctoral student Nozomu\u00a0Hirama\u00a0is working on modeling changing movement behaviors, while\u00a0doctoral\u00a0student Erika Lin is working on applying these models to habitat corridor estimation. Additionally, Fleming\u00a0shares that he is\u00a0working closely with Dr.\u00a0Zhisheng\u00a0Shuai, a professor in the Department of Mathematics,\u00a0on incorporating memory and cognition.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Why Traditional Models Fall Short<\/strong>\u00a0<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

He addressed how many commonly used methods for analyzing animal locations rely on simplifying assumptions,\u00a0particularly that each recorded location is independent of the last. While mathematically convenient, those assumptions often\u00a0fail to\u00a0reflect biological reality.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fleming illustrated this problem using a case study of a black bear tracked near\u00a0one of\u00a0the Great Lakes. Conventional methods underestimated the area the bear\u00a0actually used\u00a0over time, missing much understanding of its future movements.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe smaller estimate that assumes independence in the data is very much too small,\u201d Fleming\u00a0says.\u00a0\u201cIt doesn\u2019t capture the future locations of the bear\u00a095 percent of the time.\u201d\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By contrast, Fleming\u2019s stochastic process models account for the fact that animals move continuously and that successive locations are inherently related. These models also quantify\u00a0uncertainty,\u00a0which is\u00a0an essential\u00a0component for ecological decision-making.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Continuous-Time Models and Biological Meaning<\/strong>\u00a0<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Fleming\u2019s approach relies on stochastic differential equations (SDEs), which model movement as a continuous process rather than a series of disconnected steps. This allows researchers to estimate biologically meaningful quantities such as speed, distance\u00a0traveled\u00a0and acceleration, which can be\u00a0difficult or impossible to extract from simpler models.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe parameters in these models are more biological,\u201d Fleming\u00a0says. \u201cThey\u2019re\u00a0not tied to the sampling schedule. They reflect how the animal\u00a0actually moves.\u201d\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He says this distinction matters because animal tracking data\u00a0is\u00a0often irregular, collected at different time intervals across studies, species, and technologies. Continuous-time\u00a0models allow comparisons across datasets without conflating biological behavior with technological limitations.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Choosing the Right Model Matters<\/strong>\u00a0<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Fleming and collaborators tested these models across more than 700 animal movement datasets. Their findings\u00a0showed\u00a0models that assume independence were supported by\u00a0the data\u00a0less than 1% of the time.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cDepending on the method you\u2019re using, home-range estimates can be two times too small\u2014or even 20 times too small,\u201d Fleming\u00a0says.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As GPS technology improves and data are collected more\u00a0frequently, ignoring autocorrelation in movement data only worsens these errors. Fleming\u2019s work\u00a0demonstrates\u00a0that model choice can dramatically alter scientific conclusions, especially in conservation contexts.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From Theory to Tools<\/strong>\u00a0<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Beyond theory, Fleming\u2019s research emphasizes practical workflows for biologists. His approach involves fitting multiple candidate models, selecting the best one statistically, and then using it for model-based inference\u00a0whether\u00a0it\u2019s\u00a0to learn\u00a0an animal\u2019s home range or predicting future movement.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe fit a bunch of models, select the best one, and then\u00a0make an\u00a0inference based on that model,\u201d Fleming\u00a0says. \u201cThat can have a very large impact on the results people get.\u201d\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The goal is to provide tools that are both mathematically sound and usable by researchers working in the field.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Looking Ahead: Nonstationary Movement and Behavior<\/strong>\u00a0<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Because animals do not\u00a0always behave the same way,\u00a0Fleming\u2019s lab is now extending these models to account for nonstationary behavior\u00a0such as daily activity cycles, seasonal changes, and behavioral switching between resting, foraging, and traveling.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cAnimals go to sleep. They wake up. Their movement\u00a0isn\u2019t\u00a0stationary,\u201d Fleming\u00a0says. \u201cWe need models that reflect that.\u201d\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By incorporating time-warping functions and behavioral state switching, Fleming\u00a0says\u00a0he\u00a0aims\u00a0to capture these complexities without sacrificing computational efficiency.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A Foundation for Future Conservation<\/strong>\u00a0<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Fleming\u2019s work provides a mathematical framework for animal movement modeling\u00a0which is\u00a0grounded\u00a0in\u00a0the principle of\u00a0maximum entropy\u00a0and flexible enough to adapt as data quality improves.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThere\u2019s a natural family of models that includes everything people are already using,\u201d Fleming\u00a0says. \u201cAnd there\u2019s a clear path to making them better.\u201d\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As conservation challenges grow more urgent, these models offer researchers\u00a0crucial data\u00a0to\u00a0understand\u00a0how animals move\u00a0and how best to protect them.\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

An assistant professor in the Department of Biology\u00a0is\u00a0reshaping how scientists understand\u00a0animal\u00a0movement, habitat use, and conservation needs\u00a0through\u00a0mathematically rigorous models.\u00a0 Written by: Emily Dougherty | Published:\u00a0February 2,\u00a02026\u00a0 Wildlife researchers today collect unprecedented amounts of animal movement data. From\u00a0passerine\u00a0birds outfitted with lightweight GPS backpacks to\u00a0elephants\u00a0collared with\u00a0GPS devices as heavy as\u00a0car batteries, location data have become central to conservation […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":250,"featured_media":35069,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[34,38,39,13,5377,6525,28],"tags":[437,6533,736,2856],"class_list":["post-35066","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-biology-departments","category-breaking-news","category-faculty-news","category-news","category-research","category-sdmss","category-top-news","tag-biology","tag-christen-fleming","tag-college-of-sciences","tag-research"],"yoast_head":"\nHow UCF Research Is Changing the Way Scientists Track Animals\u00a0 - College of Sciences News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/sciences.ucf.edu\/news\/how-ucf-research-is-changing-the-way-scientists-track-animals\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"How UCF Research Is Changing the Way Scientists Track Animals\u00a0 - College of Sciences News\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"An assistant professor in the Department of Biology\u00a0is\u00a0reshaping how scientists understand\u00a0animal\u00a0movement, habitat use, and conservation needs\u00a0through\u00a0mathematically rigorous models.\u00a0 Written by: Emily Dougherty | Published:\u00a0February 2,\u00a02026\u00a0 Wildlife researchers today collect unprecedented amounts of animal movement data. From\u00a0passerine\u00a0birds outfitted with lightweight GPS backpacks to\u00a0elephants\u00a0collared with\u00a0GPS devices as heavy as\u00a0car batteries, location data have become central to conservation […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/sciences.ucf.edu\/news\/how-ucf-research-is-changing-the-way-scientists-track-animals\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"College of Sciences News\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-02-02T17:34:36+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-02-02T17:34:47+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/sciences.ucf.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2026\/02\/resized_How-UCF-Research-Is-Changing-the-Way-Scientists-Track-Animals.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"800\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Emily Dougherty\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Emily Dougherty\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/sciences.ucf.edu\\\/news\\\/how-ucf-research-is-changing-the-way-scientists-track-animals\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/sciences.ucf.edu\\\/news\\\/how-ucf-research-is-changing-the-way-scientists-track-animals\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Emily Dougherty\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/sciences.ucf.edu\\\/news\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/b0fef91c1b645235c964a6ec2a451c95\"},\"headline\":\"How UCF Research Is Changing the Way Scientists Track Animals\u00a0\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-02-02T17:34:36+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-02-02T17:34:47+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/sciences.ucf.edu\\\/news\\\/how-ucf-research-is-changing-the-way-scientists-track-animals\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":865,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/sciences.ucf.edu\\\/news\\\/how-ucf-research-is-changing-the-way-scientists-track-animals\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/sciences.ucf.edu\\\/news\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/29\\\/2026\\\/02\\\/resized_How-UCF-Research-Is-Changing-the-Way-Scientists-Track-Animals.png\",\"keywords\":[\"biology\",\"Christen Fleming\",\"College of Sciences\",\"research\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Biology\",\"COS News\",\"Faculty News\",\"News\",\"Research\",\"School of Data, Mathematical, and Statistical Sciences\",\"Top News\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/sciences.ucf.edu\\\/news\\\/how-ucf-research-is-changing-the-way-scientists-track-animals\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/sciences.ucf.edu\\\/news\\\/how-ucf-research-is-changing-the-way-scientists-track-animals\\\/\",\"name\":\"How UCF Research Is Changing the Way Scientists Track Animals\u00a0 - College of Sciences News\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/sciences.ucf.edu\\\/news\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/sciences.ucf.edu\\\/news\\\/how-ucf-research-is-changing-the-way-scientists-track-animals\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/sciences.ucf.edu\\\/news\\\/how-ucf-research-is-changing-the-way-scientists-track-animals\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/sciences.ucf.edu\\\/news\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/29\\\/2026\\\/02\\\/resized_How-UCF-Research-Is-Changing-the-Way-Scientists-Track-Animals.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-02-02T17:34:36+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-02-02T17:34:47+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/sciences.ucf.edu\\\/news\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/b0fef91c1b645235c964a6ec2a451c95\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sciences.ucf.edu\\\/news\\\/how-ucf-research-is-changing-the-way-scientists-track-animals\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/sciences.ucf.edu\\\/news\\\/how-ucf-research-is-changing-the-way-scientists-track-animals\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/sciences.ucf.edu\\\/news\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/29\\\/2026\\\/02\\\/resized_How-UCF-Research-Is-Changing-the-Way-Scientists-Track-Animals.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/sciences.ucf.edu\\\/news\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/29\\\/2026\\\/02\\\/resized_How-UCF-Research-Is-Changing-the-Way-Scientists-Track-Animals.png\",\"width\":1200,\"height\":800,\"caption\":\"A man stands near a whiteboard giving a presentation in a classroom; 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